THERE IS A NEED, THERE IS A SUPPLEMENT

Reduce the damage of the "day after" with After Rave

I NEED AFTER RAVE

OUR PRO-TIP

How to use 100% of After Rave's potential?

01 The day before the party
1st serving (4 tablets): the day before the party, before bed (optional).

02 On the day of the event
2nd serving (4 tablets): take it before going to bed after a party - this is a key dose for your condition "the day after"

03 After waking up
3rd serving (4 tablets): take it after waking up, after sleeping off the party.
Take a third serving of After Rave - preferably together with electrolytes, magnesium and a nutritious meal. If necessary, you can continue for another 2-3 days.

A single serving of the supplement is 4 capsules.

If necessary, you can continue dosing the supplement for two-three days after the event .

TRY IT!

Effectiveness that results from the composition

Tryptophan

Tryptophan is an exogenous amino acid - it must be supplied from outside, because the body cannot produce it on its own. It is an ingredient necessary for the construction of proteins, hormones and neurotransmitters. It is a precursor of serotonin - a neurotransmitter associated with mental well-being [1]. Serotonin deficiencies are one of the most common causes of decreased mental well-being after using stimulants [2], and tryptophan supplementation can have a positive effect on mental mood [3]. Supplementation with tryptophan gives an advantage in the activity of its pathways in relation to this amino acid supplied in food products, as it excludes the competition of amiqua acids from the LNAA group, which eliminate the pronounced effect of tryptophan [19]. There is also a relatively low dose of tryptophan in the average person's diet, which is estimated at approximately 1 gram per day on average [20]. Properties: It is a precursor for serotonin, a neurotransmitter necessary for maintaining mental health - including, among others: mood, emotional control - the deficits of which belong to the spectrum of side effects of narcotic substances such as MDMA [4]. It has a positive effect on sleep (this is due, among other things, to the fact that it is a precursor of melatonin - the main hormone responsible for sleep [5] - the quality of which is reduced both by shifting the sleep time relative to the night hours [6], as well as by the use of many recreational drugs, as well as MDMA [7]. The use of MDMA is associated with a decrease in the efficiency of serotonin metabolism in many ways - including depletion of serotonin resources, decreased receptor response for serotonin receptors, or a decrease in the activity of the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme [8,9,10, 11]. Tryptophan supplementation has a beneficial effect on the mental well-being of people who have experienced side effects related to the use of the drug [12, 13]. However, it should be noted that frequent use of MDMA may long-term disturb tryptophan metabolism [14] and there are no more effective means of preventing such an event than avoiding drug. Due to the pharmacokinetics of MDMA, whose half-life is 8-9 hours [15] and the fact that there is a potential risk of developing serotonin syndrome during the period of MDMA activity in the body (equal to 5 half-lives of the compound), in the After- Rave used tryptophan as a precursor of serotonin, which, unlike 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), does not bypass the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme [16], constituting a buffer protecting against excessive concentration of serotonin, which may lead to health - and in some cases life - hazardous serotonin syndrome. In the available literature, the risk of serotonin syndrome resulting from the use of tryptophan is described as very unlikely to occur [17], while in the context of the use of 5-HTP - such a risk is real [18], especially in the face of the systemically circulating and still active MDMA. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00670-0.
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  • doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.008
  • doi: 10.1093/brain/ awq103.
  • doi: 10.2147/SAR.S37258
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  • NBK545168
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  • doi: 10.1097/00007691-200404000-00009
  • NBK560856
  • doi: 10.3390/ijms22010181
  • “Demystifying serotonin syndrome (or serotonin toxicity)” Can Fam Physician. 2018 Oct; 64(10): 720–727.
  • doi: 10.5152/jbachs.2017.240
  • doi: 10.3945/jn.111.157065

Acetyl-L-carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is a molecule that is a combination of carnitine and an acetyl group [1]. Carnitine regulates the metabolism of fatty acids in the body, and the acetyl group is used in many areas, including as a component of acetylcholine [2, 3] - a neurotransmitter responsible for, among others, for memory consolidation or the ability to maintain attention. ALCAR replenishes the pool of this neurotransmitter even more easily, thanks to its structure that allows it to easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier [2]. ALCAR has a number of health-promoting properties, influencing metabolic health, the proper course of cell energy processes, and supporting cognitive functions [4]. Properties: Has a wide spectrum of neuroprotective effects, including: by supporting aerobic metabolism, supporting blood circulation in the brain, antagonizing the excitotoxic effect of glutamate and thus preventing neuronal death [5]. In the case of exposure to MDMA, it has an effective neuroprotective effect against neurotoxicity induced by the mentioned substance (in pre- and post-administration of MDMA), at the cellular level by reducing the removal of mitochondrial DNA, improving the expression of the respiratory chain and preventing the reduction of serotonin activity levels in several areas of the brain [6] . Carnitine itself, by supporting the transport of fatty acids, increases the properties of the neuronal mitochondrial membrane, protecting it against oxidative stress (and, consequently, neuronal damage) [6], which occurs when using e.g. MDMA as a result of hyperthermia [16, 17]. Due to its beneficial effect on the parameters of cellular health and acetylcholine metabolism, it has a positive effect on the mental state of people struggling with depression [7]. Reduced mental well-being is one of the common consequences of the abuse of many psychoactive substances, such as MDMA [8], as well as nightmares or difficulties with concentration [9], which ALCAR supports [10, 11]. Substances such as MDMA may cause liver damage (hepatic encephalopathy occurs in some people using the drug) and severe liver failure [12, 13]. ALCAR has the ability to prevent hepatic encephalopathy and restores the proper functioning of the organ [14]. This is also important because many psychoactive substances, such as MDMA or ethyl alcohol, are metabolized by the liver [15]. It reduces the symptoms of physical and mental fatigue [11, 18], which often occurs after cessation of the effects of recreational drugs such as MDMA and other amphetamines and their derivatives [9, 19]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

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CDP-choline

CDP-choline is a molecule combining choline and cytidine. Choline is an ingredient for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is closely related to memory and determines, to a large extent, clarity of thought [1]. Cytidine converts to uridine - a compound that affects the plasticity of the synaptic membrane [2] and contributes to the improvement of neurotransmission in the field of dopamine - influencing the ability to maintain attention, the willingness to act, giving satisfaction with the process of completing tasks, related to libido. Properties: Cytidine, converted to uridine, increases the activity of dopamine by increasing the concentration of the dopamine transporter DAT [3], by increasing the amount of dopamine released from the stimulated neuron [4], and also by increasing the density of dopamine receptors [5]. CDP-choline reduces the decrease in dopamine secretion when neurons are exposed to neurotoxins [6, 7], through a protective mechanism in the area of ​​dopamine neurons. It may support recovery from addictions to substances such as cocaine [9], alcohol or marijuana smoking [9] due to its impact on the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems [10]. In a study using CDP-choline, people using cocaine observed a decrease in the frequency of its use, a reduction in the desire to induce euphoria with cocaine, and a decrease in the perceived craving for cocaine [8], which suggests its properties that may reduce the mechanism of addiction to this type of substance. CDP-choline inhibits the reduction of the volume of gray matter in the brain when exposed to amphetamines [11], from which the popular party drug MDMA is derived [18], as well as the attraction to this type of substances in people who regularly use them (unlike the placebo group). ). Reduces the number of errors made, including: difficulties in maintaining focus [12], which indicates its ability to improve the ability to maintain attention in the case of concentration disorders. It influences the activity of the ATP-producing enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, promoting health at the cellular level [13]. It promotes glutathione activity [14] and limits apoptosis [15], which is probably a consequence of maintaining the plasticity of the cell membrane, as demonstrated in a study with experimentally induced stroke in rodents [16]. In the case of people abusing THC, it can improve emotional self-control, the disturbance of which is a common symptom of drug use, and improves concentration in these people, whose deficits also accompany frequent use of the substance [17]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.2174/092986708783503203
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  • doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.006
  • doi: 10.4236/fns.2012.36103
  • doi: 10.1016/s0009-9120(00)00084-9
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  • doi: 10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00032-1.
  • doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.015
  • Int J Neurol Neurother. 2015 Sep 30; 2(3): 1–8.
  • doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.07.001.

L-theanine

L-theanine is an amino acid of non-protein origin. It is obtained from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) [1]. It is a compound that fulfills a number of functions for the brain - through a calming mechanism, to improving memory, ability to concentrate and many other aspects related to the proper functioning of the brain. Properties: Inhibits the excitotoxic effect of glutamate on neurons [2]. Many psychoactive substances, such as MDMA [3], increase glutamate activity to a neurotoxic extent, which translates into side effects in the neuronal area. It increases the activity of alpha waves in the brain, which are associated with relaxation [4]. It improves memory and concentration [5], thus to some extent eliminating the side effects of psychoactive substances that disturb these processes. It reduces the neurotoxic aspect of stress (including oxidative stress) [6, 7], which is endocrine-induced by psychoactive substances such as amphetamines, such as MDMA [8]. Additionally, it has a positive effect on the activity of glutathione, which counteracts the aspect of oxidative stress - harmful to cells [2]. It has a calming effect [9] on the central nervous system - without the numbing effect - thus reducing the stimulating effect of selected psychoactive substances [10, 11] and facilitating falling asleep. It reduces the harmfulness of THC in terms of cognitive functions of the brain [12], thus limiting the negative impact on parameters such as memory. It supports mental health by reducing symptoms of mental health disorders such as anxiety [13]. Anxiety is one of the common complications of regular use of psychoactive substances [14]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4803
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  • Ito K, Nagato Y, Aoi N, et al. Effects of Ltheanine on the release of alpha-brain waves in human volunteers. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 1998;72:153-157.
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  • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1050-20.2020
  • doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05324gre
  • doi: 10.1177/0269881108097631.

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA)

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a compound that plays a role in cell energy processes. In the short term, but significantly, it increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It reduces the harmfulness of neurotoxic compounds and accelerates the regeneration of the nervous system [1, 2]. It is produced in the body in very small amounts, which means that these amounts may not be sufficient for optimal functioning. Properties: A unique feature of ALA is its ability to dissolve both in water and lipids, which makes it a compound that can penetrate - and exert an effect - in all types of cells and tissues of the body [3]. Human studies have shown that ALA slows neurodegeneration in people with Alzheimer's disease by reducing inflammation [4,5,6]. Many psychoactive substances cause inflammation, e.g. as a result of hyperthermia, excitotoxicity [7,8,9,10,11,12] - ALA can reduce the harmfulness of these processes. It is effective against the neurotoxic effects of MDMA [13]. In a study on rodents, dosed 30 minutes before the drug administration did not inhibit the effect of hyperthermia itself, but it completely prevented serotonin deficits and the response of glial tissue (it responds by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines). Thus, ALA significantly reduced the neurotoxic oxidative stress caused by MDMA intake. It also has a protective effect on neurons at the mitochondrial level when administered with highly neurotoxic agents, such as chemotherapy [14]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.1177/03946320090220S309
  • Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with alpha-lipoic acid”; G Di Geronimo, A Fonzone Caccese, L Caruso, A Soldati, U Passaretti; Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Mar-Apr;13(2):133-9.
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  • doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.08.013

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 is an essential vitamin that, among others: is involved in the energy processes of the cell, mainly related to glucose metabolism [1]. Its deficiencies lead to disorders in the nervous system, which may be intensified by the use of narcotic substances or dehydration of the body. Properties: It is one of the key vitamins involved in alcohol metabolism, and its additional supply reduces alcohol-related hangovers [2] by supporting the enzyme that decomposes acetyl-aldehyde. It improves mental mood even in relatively small amounts [3]. Mental well-being is one of the key areas that deteriorate as a result of the use of recreational drugs or a sleepless night. Deficiency of this vitamin manifests itself in increased fatigue [4, 5] or a tendency to irritation [4], which may also be aggravated by narcotic substances. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/thiamin-healthprofessional/
  • doi: 10.1186/1471-2210-8-10
  • doi.org/10.1007/s002130050163
  • doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2013.02.002
  • doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0461

Grapevine seed extract (oligomeric proanthocyanidins)

Oligometic proanthocyanidins (OPC), the source of which is grapevine seed extract, are compounds with a very high antioxidant potential, thus having anti-inflammatory functions, protecting various types of tissues against damage [1]. Properties: OPCs have an antioxidant effect on brain cells, reducing the progression of neurodegenerative processes [2, 3]. It has a beneficial effect on brain functions responsible for maintaining attention, speech and memory - as shown by a study on healthy elderly people [4]. It reduces the hepatotoxicity of even such strong agents as chemotherapy pharmaceuticals [5, 6]. The liver is responsible for metabolizing most substances supplied to the body, including narcotic substances [7], which themselves may impair liver functions, thereby intensifying their harmful effects on the body [8, 9]. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of proanthocyanidins in protecting against alcohol-induced toxicity and oxidative damage [10, 11]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.3390/antiox6030071
  • doi: 10.3945/an.114.007500
  • doi: 10.1007/s10571-009-9403-5
  • doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00776
  • doi: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0291
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  • doi: 10.4037/aacnacc2019852
  • doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000867.
  • doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa031.

Koenzym Q10 (ubichinon)

Koenzym Q10 jest lipofilnym antyoksydantem produkowanym przez organizm, którego największe stężenie osiągane jest w mitochondriach komórkowych – tzw. „piecach energetycznych” komórek [1]. Związek ten jest uważany za odpowiedzialny w głównej mierze za produkcję energii oraz redukcję stresu oksydacyjnego, tym samym może chronić komórki przed uszkodzeniem [2].

Własności:

Bóle migrenowe głowy są – w przypadku osób z takową tendencją – jednym z możliwych powikłań nadużywania substancji narkotycznych, jak MDMA [3]. Niektóre źródła sugerują, że Q10 może być skutecznym środkiem na migreny [4, 5], a suplementacja nim może zmniejszać częstotliwość występowania migren, czas ich trwania i natężenie bólu [6]. W kontekście migren istnieją sugestie, że wykazuje synergię z L-karnityną [7], również zawartą w składzie preparatu.

Zapotrzebowanie na koenzym Q10 może zwiększać się znacząco w przypadku stresu oksydacyjnego [8], który jest związany z stosowaniem wielu substancji psychoaktywnych, jak np. kokaina, MDMA, alkohol. Im niższe rezerwy Q10, tym większa może być podatność organizmu na skutki uboczne wywołane wolnymi rodnikami tlenowymi [2, 9]. Niektóre badania sugerują, że wspiera funkcje organizmu nawet zdrowych osób, mogąc poprawiać parametry wysiłkowe [10,11,12], między innymi przez możliwość redukcji uszkodzeń membran fosfolipidowych komórek wolnymi rodnikami tlenowymi, tym samym może ograniczać męczliwość po nieprzespanej nocy i stosowaniu używek o negatywnym profilu działania na komórki.

W kontekście ochronnego wpływu na mózg – koenzym Q10 może wykazywać ochronny wpływ na mitochondria komórkowe przeciwko stresowi oksydacyjnemu [13,14,15], potencjalnie ograniczając neurodegenerację [16,17,18,19]. W kontekście używek, istnieją sugestie, że:może chronić przed uszkodzeniami neuronalnymi wywołanymi MDMA, kokainą, metamfetaminą, alkoholem [20,21,22,23] – może zapobiegać dysfunkcji kardiologicznej wywołanej kokainą [24].

Lista źródeł naukowych (aby znaleźć łatwo badanie, wklej je w Google):

  • NBK531491
  • doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.84471
  • doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00159.x
  • doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358
  • doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-16-S1-A139
  • doi: 10.1111/ane.13051
  • doi: 10.1177/0333102418821661
  • PMC3096178
  • doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13145
  • doi: 10.2174/1389200216666151103115654.
  • doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-24
  • doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a61a50.
  • doi: 10.3390/cells9051177
  • doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.008
  • doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.07.003
  • doi: 10.2174/1568026615666150827095252
  • doi: 10.1007/s11011-021-00795-4
  • doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.025
  • doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8892
  • doi: 10.2174/138920110791591436
  • doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.009
  • doi: 10.1007/s11064-005-9025-3.
  • doi: 10.1111/fcp.12003. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
  • doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.024.

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)

Coenzyme Q10 is a lipophilic antioxidant produced by the body, the highest concentration of which is achieved in cell mitochondria - the so-called "energy furnaces" of cells [1]. This compound is mainly responsible for energy production and reduction of oxidative stress, thus protecting cells against damage [2]. Properties: Migraine headaches are - in the case of people with this tendency - one of the possible complications of abusing narcotic substances, such as MDMA [3]. Q10 is an effective remedy for migraines [4, 5], and supplementation with it reduces the frequency of migraines, their duration and the intensity of pain [6]. In the context of migraines, it shows synergy with L-carnitine [7], also included in the composition of the preparation. The demand for coenzyme Q10 increases significantly in the case of oxidative stress [8], which is a consequence of the use of many psychoactive substances, such as cocaine, MDMA, alcohol. The lower the Q10 reserves, the greater the body's susceptibility to side effects caused by free oxygen radicals [2, 9]. It supports body functions even in healthy people, improving exercise parameters [10, 11, 12], among other things, by reducing damage to the phospholipid membranes of cells with free oxygen radicals, thus it can also reduce fatigue after a sleepless night and the use of stimulants with a negative profile of action on cells. In the context of its protective effect on the brain, coenzyme Q10, by demonstrating its protective effect on cell mitochondria against oxidative stress [13,14,15], limits neurodegeneration [16,17,18,19]. In the context of stimulants: – protects against neuronal damage caused by MDMA, cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol [20,21,22,23] – prevents cocaine-induced cardiac dysfunction [24]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • NBK531491
  • doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.84471
  • doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00159.x
  • doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358
  • doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-16-S1-A139
  • doi: 10.1111/ane.13051
  • doi: 10.1177/0333102418821661
  • PMC3096178
  • doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13145
  • doi: 10.2174/1389200216666151103115654.
  • doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-24
  • doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a61a50.
  • doi: 10.3390/cells9051177
  • doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.008
  • doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.07.003
  • doi: 10.2174/1568026615666150827095252
  • doi: 10.1007/s11011-021-00795-4
  • doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.025
  • doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8892
  • doi: 10.2174/138920110791591436
  • doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.009
  • doi:10.1007/s11064-005-9025-3.
  • doi: 10.1111/fcp.12003. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
  • doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.024.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is a hydrophilic nutrient that serves many functions in the body. It affects the functioning of the nervous system, regulates well-being and the functioning of organs [1]. Properties: Together with other microelements - folic acid, magnesium, calcium, iron - by the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme - it is used to produce 5-hydroxytryptophan and then serotonin from the amino acid L-tryptophan [2]. It is essential in this process. Deficiency of this vitamin is associated with emotional disorders in the dopamine, serotonin and GABA pathways, which may manifest themselves in depression or anxiety disorders [3, 4]. Human studies have shown a two-fold higher risk of depression in people with pyridoxine deficiency[5]. It reduces the chances of neurological disorders due to its regulatory effect on homocysteine ​​levels [6,7,8]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.3390/molecules15010442.
  • doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.873555
  • doi: 10.1007/s10545-005-0243-2
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  • doi: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719720
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  • doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011613
  • doi: 10.1002/gps.2303.

Folate - Glucosamine salt

5-MTHF glucosamine salt is an active form of folate that bypasses its enzymatic limitations and is identical to biologically active MTHF [1]. It is a form that the body uses directly for biological processes required at a given moment. Folate is not produced by the body itself and must be obtained from external sources. Properties: Essential in the synthesis of DNA and RNA (which determine the operation of our genes) and the utilization of homocysteine ​​to the level of non-toxic methionine [1]. It regulates gene functions [2]. MTHF plays a key role in early brain development and its neuroplasticity - the most important ability to adapt to changing life circumstances. At the same time, the brain has a very high demand for MTHF and it requires energy to transfer it across the blood-brain barrier using specialized transport proteins [3]. Necessary for the formation of neurotransmitters - serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine [4]. It optimizes electrical nerve conduction by creating a myelin sheath [5]. It participates in the formation of the S-adenosine-methionine molecule (SAM-e) - a methyl group donor, which has a positive effect on glutathione pathways (a very strong antioxidant), has a positive effect on mental well-being and regulates the functions of all genes [6,7,8]. It has an advantage over folic acid in that it is the final, active form of folate, bypassing the limiter in the form of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which in the case of people with its dysfunction causes the folic acid not metabolized to MTHF to remain biologically inactive in the body [9,10 ,11]. An additional benefit of supplementation with 5-MTHF is that in diagnostic tests, unlike folic acid, it does not mask vitamin B12 deficiency [9]. It converts tryptophan into serotonin at the stage of conversion to 5-hydroxytryptophan and further at the stage of conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin [12]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9177-4
  • doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.074
  • doi: 10.1002/iub.133
  • doi: 10.2174/156652409787847146
  • doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9159-6
  • doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i11.1366
  • PMID: 18950248
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  • doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902072106. Epub 2009 Aug 24.
  • doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29499
  • doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.873555

Vitamin B12 - Methylcobalamin

Methylcobalamin is a coenzymatic form of vitamin B12 - a trace element necessary for life, responsible for the formation of red blood cells and nerve conduction. The correct status of this vitamin translates into well-being and cognitive functions [1-5]. Properties: Methylcobalamin is absorbed much better than other available forms of vitamin B12, even in the case of disorders in the production of proteins transporting vitamin B12 in the stomach and small intestine [4], where the number of genetic mutations involving such disorders is currently over 300 [3]. It regulates genetic functions [3]. It lowers the level of toxic homocysteine ​​[4]. Cobalamin deficiency results in impaired production of white and red blood cells [4-5]. Cobalamin deficits have been associated in the literature with difficulty in making decisions [7, 8, 9] and negative changes in personality and mental well-being [7, 8]. It is necessary for the proper functioning of our memory [7,8, 10] and the proper functioning of nerve conduction by influencing the integrity of the nerves [11]. It is necessary for the synthesis of dopamine [12] and serotonin [13], the metabolism of which is disturbed when using narcotic substances such as cocaine [14], methamphetamine [15], MDMA [16], THC [17]. List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

  • doi: 10.1177/15648265080292S117
  • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07937.x
  • doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.032
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  • doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.873555
  • doi: 10.1151/spp05314
  • doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00538-5
  • doi: 10.3310/hta13050.
  • doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.027

Learn about the composition of HydRAVE 💦.

Ornithine HCL

Why is Ornithine HCL in HydRave?Ornithine HCL is an amino acid that is not one of the basic 20 amino acids that build proteins, but is used to break down ammonia to urea (urea Krebs cycle), right alongside arginine and citrulline [1]. Ammonia is a product of protein metabolism in the body, which, as exercise progresses, can contribute to feelings of fatigue [2]. Ornithine is one of the key components of the ammonia scavenging cycle [3], which can reduce perceived psychophysical fatigue [4, 2]. In addition, ornithine may contribute to improved sleep quality [5] and reduce negative symptoms of excessive alcohol consumption, such as a hangover [6].The use of ornithine HCL in the HydRave product may result in reduced fatigue during long hours of activity, reduced perceived fatigue, improved sleep quality after partying, and a partial reduction in the effects of alcohol consumption.

Properties:➔ Reduces Fatigue:Ornithine, being an important part of the Krebs cycle in ammonia removal, is key in the production of an enzyme (carbamoylphosphate synthase), which helps keep ammonia levels in check, reducing perceived physical and mental fatigue [3, 4, 2]. These effects can be seen at doses starting at 2,000 mg of ornithine hydrochloride [8].➔ Effects for many hours:About 45 minutes after ingestion, ornithine reaches effective concentration in the blood [7] and remains high for another 4-6 hours, after which it begins to drop [8]. This translates into many hours of ornithine benefits in the body after a single dose.➔ Improves sleep:Low doses of ornithine, such as 500 mg in hydrochloride form, may improve sleep quality by reducing the time it takes to fall asleep and having a positive effect on sleep continuity in people who have trouble sleeping due to stress [5]. Additionally, it may reduce daytime cortisol levels, which translates into a reduced stress response in the body.➔ Reduces hangover effects:Doses of 500 mg of ornithine HCL consumed during alcohol consumption may reduce hangover symptoms the next day. Studies indicate that people who consumed alcohol along with ornithine had lower cortisol levels upon waking and better moods (less fatigue, less lethargy, more positive attitude, less confusion) [6].Side effects:➔ Larger amounts of ornithine may cause diarrhea in some people due to saturation of the transporter for the amino acid [9]. This effect can occur at doses of 20g and above, which is a very large amount.

List of scientific sources (to find a study easily, paste it into Google):

1. doi: 10.1016/0968-0896(94)85009-7.

  1. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.075838
  2. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.5.556.
  3. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1983;15(1):41-50.
  4. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-53
  5. DOI: 10.1186/1751-0759-7-6
  6. doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80265-9
  7. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.08.008
  8.  DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1693S

AAKG (alfa ketogluratan argininy)

Why is AAKG (arginine alpha ketogluratan) in HydRave?AAKG is a combination of the amino acid L-arginine with the molecule alpha ketogluratan (AKG), which provides a synergistic effect of both compounds. L-arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), which improves blood circulation and relaxes blood vessels [1]. This increases the efficiency of supplying skeletal muscle with oxygen and glucose, essential for energy processes [1].AAKG can also promote the removal of metabolic products [1]. Arginine is a substrate in the urea cycle, where, together with citrulline and ornithine, it contributes to the removal of ammonia, thereby reducing psychophysical fatigue [2]. AKG, used in the Krebs cycle, is essential for energy production in the form of ATP. AKG promotes amino acid production, nitrogen balance and acts as an antioxidant [3, 4].

Properties:

Arginine:Arginine cooperates with ornithine and citrulline in the urea cycle, helping to remove ammonia from the body [2].It is converted to ornithine by the action of arginase and then to citrulline, leading to a reduction in blood ammonia [2, 6, 7]. It can be converted to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), which improves blood circulation and lowers blood pressure [8, 15, 16].Arginine supplementation reduces the so-called oxygen debt and improves aerobic capacity, extending the duration of continued exercise [19]. It increases the cellular bioavailability of ornithine, showing a synergistic effect [20].AAKG:The combination of arginine with AKG increases its bioavailability [13].AKG promotes the conversion of ammonia to glutamine, reducing its level in the blood [21].It acts as an intermediate compound in the metabolism of glutamine, buffering ammonia [23].It shows antioxidant activity, eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and supporting the enzymes responsible for their removal [4, 24].

Side effects:Diarrhea or bloating may occur due to nitric oxide production, which increases water resorption in the intestine [25]. This effect is not expected to occur at doses below 10g [26].AKG by itself has no potential for side effects [27], but when combined with arginine (AAKG), dizziness or heart palpitations may occur [28].

List of scientific sources (to find a study easily, paste it into Google):

  1.  DOI: 10.1042/bj3360001
  2. DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-32
  3. DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.003
  4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3408467
  5. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S369090
  6. DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(94)85009-7
  7. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.135
  8. DOI: 10.1002/biof.1099
  9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00803.x
  10. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00883.x
  11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04638.x
  12. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.002
  13. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.06.003
  14. DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.07.001
  15. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.209
  16. DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.20
  17. DOI: 10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000
  18. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009
  19. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00503.2010
  20.  PMID: 1930251
  21. DOI: 10.1023/a:1006534305943
  22. DOI: 10.1016/0261-5614(93)90150-3
  23. DOI: 10.1007/BF01581777
  24. PMID: 3495276
     DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.2.508S
  25. . DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2004.12.004
  26. PMID: 21791173
  27. DOI: 10.1177/096032710910449

L-Cytrulline

Why is L-Cytrulline in HydRave?L-Cytrulline is a non-protein amino acid that converts to arginine when ingested in the kidneys. Then, it can be used to produce nitric oxide, which can improve blood circulation. Synthesized in the body from arginine and ornithine, oral intake of citrulline can reduce the consumption of these amino acids, increasing their availability for other processes such as the urea cycle [1, 2, 3, 4]. Citrulline can effectively increase nitric oxide production, which, according to some studies, can affect exercise parameters, cardiovascular health and improve erections in men.

Properties:➔ Oral administration of citrulline: May lead to its conversion by the kidneys to arginine by more than 80% using the enzymes argininosuccinate synthase and argininosuccinate lyase, which may lead to an increase in arginine concentration in the blood [3, 4, 5].➔ Parallel dosing of citrulline with arginine: May reduce the threshold for effective arginine dose [6]. Administration of citrulline may increase the effective use of arginine. Higher doses of citrulline are converted less and less efficiently to arginine, suggesting that citrulline alone may not fully cover the effects that drastic increases in serum arginine concentration bring. However, the supply of citrulline alone can raise blood arginine levels for a long time [7, 8].➔ Increases the concentration of other amino acids: It can increase the levels of arginine and ornithine used in the urea cycle, which can potentiate the rate of ammonia removal from the blood [9, 8, 6]. Efficacy in this regard begins with 2g of citrulline.

➔ Improved erectile quality in men: Doses of 1,500 mg per day and above can improve erectile quality by increasing nitric oxide production [10, 11]. This effect may last up to 3 hours after a single dose [6, 12], and twice-daily dosing may provide a 24-hour effect [13].➔ Improved bioavailability: Citrulline is better absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than arginine, which may make it a more effective source of arginine [14].➔ Increases nitric oxide synthesis: It may improve blood circulation by increasing the concentration of arginine in the process. Citrulline is converted to L-arginine succinate and then to L-arginine, bypassing the urea cycle [15, 16]. Thus, it may be more effective than direct dosing of arginine [17, 18, 19, 20].➔ Increases ATP production: May promote the production of the energy molecule ATP, which is crucial for maintaining physical activity [21].➔ Reduces muscle soreness: May reduce muscle soreness after intense exercise [22].➔ Extends exercise time: May prolong exercise time until exhaustion [23].➔ No gastric discomfort: High doses of citrulline (as much as 15g) do not cause gastrointestinal complaints such as bloating or diarrhea, probably due to its good digestive absorption [6].

List of scientific sources (to find a study easily, paste it into Google):

1.DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0235-4
2. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00006.2011
3. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.126029
4. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.167

5. DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90002-0

6. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507841110

7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x

8. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4

9. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00289.2007

10. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.08.028
11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.06026.x

12. DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1230007
13. doi: 10.3390/nu11071679

14. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32829fb38d

15.DOI: 10.2174/157488909788453004

16.DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.07.001

17. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.1.193

18. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.167
19. DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2743S
20. DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.155028

21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.068

22. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb28e0

23. DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210197.02576.da

Sodium

Sodium (Na) is an element whose intake plays an important role in maintaining the body's water balance, affecting the osmotic pressure of body fluids and cell hydration [1]. In addition, sodium helps maintain the action potential of cell membranes.Its deficiency can lead to the disappearance of the electrical potential in the nervous system, which can occur under conditions of increased demand, such as during intense physical activity and high ambient temperatures. This can result in nervous system disorders or even loss of consciousness. Sodium is one of the main elements responsible for the body's hydration status, which also enables it to dissipate excess heat and maintain optimal body temperature [2].

Properties:Sodium chloride: ➔ Both excess and deficiency of sodium relative to potassium can be potentially harmful to the cardiovascular system [3, 4]. Adequate balance between sodium and potassium ions is crucial to ensure proper cardiac function.➔ During prolonged exercise, to prevent hyponatremia (a decrease in plasma sodium ion concentration), which can affect exercise capacity [5], a sodium supply of 300 to 600 mg per hour of exercise, in a 500-700 mg/L solution, is recommended [6]. The solution should not exceed a concentration of 1,000 mg/L due to a decrease in palatability.➔ Increased excretion of sodium and chloride ions with sweat can occur as early as exercise reaching 45% of VO2 max, which increases the need for sodium intake to prevent sodium deficiency [7].➔ Chloride ions, which are basic ions with a negative electrical charge, are involved in regulating water-electrolyte balance and maintaining the body's acid-base balance. Changes in the concentration of chloride ions are closely related to changes in the concentration of sodium ions [8].

Sodium citrate: ➔ Sodium citrate can improve exercise capacity and reduce lactic acid levels in the blood, which is associated with fatigue [9, 20]. Citric acid plays an important role in the Krebs cycle, where it is used to produce energy in the form of ATP, which may contribute to improved muscle performance.

List of scientific sources (to find a study easily, paste it into Google):

1. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005215

2. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-971971
3. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1729
4. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa586
5. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.614269.
6. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063651
7. doi: 10.1007/s00421-018-4048-z

8.DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.11.013
9. DOI: 10.1007/BF00240418
10. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0297-4

Potassium

Why Potassium is in HydRave?Potassium is an element that contributes to the proper functioning of cells in the body. It can perform the function of maintaining electrolyte balance, regulating blood pressure and transmitting electrical impulses in cells of the nervous system and muscles. It is considered crucial in ensuring that all muscles, such as the heart, can contract [1, 2].Potassium is obtained from plants - mainly vegetables, fruits, legumes - as well as meat and dairy products [3]. Potassium use in the body increases with the intensity and duration of physical activity undertaken, and its deficiency in plasma can be associated with cardiovascular disorders such as arrhythmias [4, 5, 6, 7].

Properties:➔ Potassium contributes to maintaining the electrical voltage of cell membranes, which can condition the transmission of impulses through neurons and the ability of muscle tissues to contract [1, 2]. ➔ An adequate supply of potassium may reduce the risk of strokes and cardiovascular disorders [8, 9, 10, 11], likely due to its blood pressure-lowering properties [12, 13].➔ In people who have not been diagnosed with any diseases, some studies suggest that single doses of potassium can lower blood pressure [14]. This effect is also sometimes observed in people with hypertension [15, 16]. Thus, potassium may protect against spikes in blood pressure, as may occur, for example, in a state of over-stimulation of the nervous system [17].➔ The blood pressure-lowering effect is most pronounced in people who abuse salt on a daily basis, with a concomitant deficit in potassium intake and absence of blood pressure-lowering drugs [13, 18]. The effect itself is moderate but significant [12, 13].➔ Potassium may be responsible for fluid management and proper transmission of electrical impulses. Its low concentration in the body is probably the main cause of muscle cramps [19].➔ Interactions with drugs [20, 21]: - insulin - diuretics - potassium-binding drugs➔ Interactions with existing health disorders [22, 23]: - chronic kidney disease - diabetic ketoacidosis➔ Potential side effects: - nausea - vomiting - abdominal pain - diarrhea.

List of scientific sources (to find a study easily, paste it into Google):

1. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00121.2016
2. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108489
3. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/
4. DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2020.1799573
5. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2478
6. DOI: 10.1177/2047487318780466
7. DOI: 10.1007/s10557-018-6783-0
8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070
9. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004210
10. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2262584
11. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f1378
12. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174967
13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048
14. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507864853
15. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000158264.36590.19
16. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.V281302
17. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00080
18. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015719
19. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2014-0293
20. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00121.2016
21. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108489
22. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.88
23. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1

Magnesium

Why Magnesium is in HydRave?Description:Magnesium is an element and an essential nutrient for the body, used in the conduction of the nervous system, energy production, blood pressure regulation, sugar control and many other biochemical processes. It can be used by more than 300 enzymes [1].Magnesium acts as an electrolyte, enabling the body to maintain fluid balance, and has a diastolic function for the nervous system - it is necessary for muscle fibers to relax after contraction [2].In food, magnesium is found mainly in dark leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains, legumes, meat, and mineral water [3]. Many products are fortified with magnesium, such as breakfast cereals. About 20-40% of the magnesium we consume becomes bioavailable [4, 5]. It is estimated that more than 50% of the population does not provide the right amount of magnesium with food, which can increase the risk of magnesium deficiency symptoms, such as cardiac dysfunction [3, 6, 7].

Properties:➔ In people with dietary magnesium deficiency, supplementation may help regulate blood pressure spikes [8, 9], especially in people with chronic hypertension [10, 11, 12]. This effect may be most noticeable in people with metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes [13, 14].➔ There are studies that suggest that in people with insomnia caused by magnesium deficiency, magnesium supplementation may improve sleep quality [15, 16]. This is due to its effects on NMDA receptors (responsible for stimulating the central nervous system) and GABA receptors (responsible for relaxation), which may help regulate the sleep-wake cycle [17, 18].➔ Magnesium supplementation can reduce the frequency of migraine attacks and their severity by almost 50% [19, 20]. ➔ Magnesium may help regulate blood pressure and endothelial function by stimulating nitric oxide production [21].➔ The norm for daily magnesium intake is 310-400 mg for people aged 18-30 years, and 320-420 mg for people over 31 years [22].➔ Two transport proteins, TRPM7 and TRPM6, are responsible for magnesium uptake [23, 24, 25]. TRPM7 is produced by all body tissues, while TRPM6 is mainly produced in the intestines. A genetic defect associated with TRPM6 production may lead to hypomagnesia [25].➔ Magnesium in the context of neurons in the brain acts in opposition to NMDA receptors relative to calcium ions [26, 27]. Low magnesium status may be associated with NMDA-r excitotoxicity [28, 29].➔ Sleep deprivation may decrease magnesium levels in the body and increase cortisol levels [30]. Magnesium supplementation may help achieve a state of calmness before sleep and improve sleep parameters [31].➔ Magnesium may be correlated with cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia [1], and its supplementation may reduce cardiac health incidents [32]. ➔ Magnesium supplementation may reduce blood pressure spikes associated with sharply increased adrenaline activity, as occurs when shock is experienced [33].➔ Magnesium in the form of citrate shows high bioavailability - up to 30% higher than magnesium oxide [40, 41].➔ Simultaneous supply of magnesium with calcium is unlikely to bring significant changes in the absorption of either element [42].Side effects: ➔ High doses of magnesium in supplement form may have a laxative effect [3, 43]. Unabsorbed magnesium salts can have an osmotic effect in the gastrointestinal tract and can induce gastric motility. Other adverse gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea may also occur.List of scientific sources (to find a study easily, paste it into Google):

1. PMID: 11811859
2. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.69.1.1
3. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
4. DOI: 10.1079/bjn19950081
5. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601778
6. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2014
7. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668
8. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.131
9. DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2008.129
10. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.002
11. DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.126
12. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.2.260
13. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
14. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1020327
15. DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-33195
16. DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2010.0220
17. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z
18. DOI: 10.1007/s40675-017-0091-2
19. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01905-w
20. PMID: 26752497
21. DOI: 10.3390/nu13010139
22. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/5776/chapter/1
23. DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59
24. DOI: 10.1007/112_2006_0607
25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.03.009
26. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(90)82626-6
27. DOI: 10.1038/307462a0
28. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008010098
29. PMID: 19780405
30. DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960270411
31. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.012
32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00460.x
33. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000146536.68208.84
34. DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.126
35. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.002
36. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02422.x
37. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009402.pub2
38. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5660.804
39. PMCID: PMC2146789
40. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349
41. PMID: 14596323
42.  „Bio-availability of calcium and magnesium from magnesium citrate calcium malate Implications for osteoporosis prevention” January 1997South African Medical Journal 87(9):1271-1276
43. DOI: 10.1097/00045391-200109000-00008

Calcium

Why Calcium is in HydRave?Description:Calcium is an element and micronutrient that is essential for maintaining normal body functions such as bone structure and cardiovascular health. It is mainly found in dairy dairy products, highly mineralized waters and in smaller amounts in selected plant products [1]. In the body, calcium is mainly stored in the bones in the form of osteoblasts [2], and the remaining amount is found in the bloodstream, serving a signaling function for the nervous system, among other things [3]. An adequate supply of calcium in the diet is important for the proper functioning of the body.Properties:➔ Calcium acts as an electrolyte, carrying an electrical charge and activating NMDA glutamate receptors, which are associated with neuronal plasticity and nervous system activity [4]. Thus, calcium is an important micronutrient for neuronal function.➔ With increased sodium expenditure, such as with sweat during intense exercise, there is a concomitant loss of calcium ions, which may suggest the need to supplement both elements [5].➔ Calcium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in two sections of the intestine - the duodenum and the jejunum [6, 7]. This process is regulated by enzymes whose activity depends on blood calcium levels and vitamin D3 [7]. Consumption of dietary fiber may slow the passage of food content through the intestines, which may increase the efficiency of calcium absorption [8].➔ The recommended daily calcium requirement for an adult is 1000 mg [9]. The daily intake limit is 2,000-3,000 mg, where higher amounts may contribute to constipation.➔ Alcohol consumption may reduce the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract [10].➔ When taking certain medications, a time interval should be maintained between calcium preparations, as they can form poorly absorbed complexes, limiting drug absorption [11]. These drugs include thyroid hormones, osteoporosis medications, aspirin, some antibiotics, antifungals, gastrointestinal medications, anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and iron preparations, among others.➔ People taking lithium should be wary of the risk of hypercalcemia when taking additional calcium preparations [12]. ➔ Calcium citrate has a higher bioavailability than many other forms of calcium on the market, such as calcium carbonate, which can result in 76% more of the element circulating in the blood than in the carbonate form [13, 14].Side effects: ➔ Calcium administered in supplement form in single high doses can cause such discomforts as abdominal pain, nausea, nausea, constipation, belching, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea [15, 16].

List of scientific sources (to find the study easily, paste it into Google):

1. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/
2. DOI: 10.3390/jfb6041099
3. DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000009869.29827.df
4. doi: 10.1042/BST0371369
5. DOI: 10.1097/01.CSMR.0000306208.56939.01
6. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.5.G561
7. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90425-7
8. DOI: 10.1093/jn/123.8.1396
9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.004
10. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.466
11. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.269S
12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01918.x
13. PMID: 10579145
14. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.20.2276
15. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1484
16. DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199957060-00003